Posts Tagged ‘Industries’

Client-server : Computer Industries Newest and Hottest Buzzwords

Chapter 1 Introduction: - Client / Server computer industries is one of the newest and hottest labels. There is no general definition of client / server, which is used to establish the nature Showtracks, development and anticipateologies. But the general idea is that clients and servers independent logical entities that work together in a network of attention to a task are required. Client-server is very fashionable. As such, it could only be a fad, but it is generally accepted that there is something fundamental and far-reaching, for example, the Gartner Group, analysts of the industry leaders in this field have predicted that ”In 1995, a synonym for client-server computing will be.” Most of the original client / server success stories include the provision of small applications that provide direct or indirect access to transactional data in legacy systems. Companies need access to their data, provide decision makers, the relative immaturity of client / server tools and technologies that make developing the use of wide area networks and lack of client / server to know how these attractive and Business low rider. As organizations move to the learning curve for these small projects for mission critical applications, there is a corresponding increase in expectations of performance, availability requirements and the need to be flexible and scalable. In such a difficult environment, the selection and implementation of appropriate critical architecture. In fact, one of the fundamental questions that professionals have with the start of each client / server project to fight – “What architecture is best suited for this project – animal two or three of the animals?”. It is interesting that 17% of all business-critical client / server applications is three levels and the percentage is rising, according to Standish Group International, Inc., a market research firm. Architecture affects all aspects of software design and engineering. The architect believes that the complexity of the application, the degree of integration and interfaces required, the number of users, their geographical distribution, types of networks and the requirements of the entire transaction from the application before the decision on the type of architecture. Inadequate design or improper implementation architecture can result in horrendous response times. The choice of architecture also affects the development time and flexibility, and future maintenance of the application. The current literature does not adequately take into account all these aspects of client / server architecture. This document defines the basic concepts of client / server architecture, describes the two and three-tier architectures and their respective advantages and limitations discussed. Differences in development efforts, flexibility and ease of reuse compared to more help in choosing the appropriate architecture for a specific project. Chapter 2 History and Definition of terms: - History The University of Waterloo implemented Oracle Government Financials (OGF) in May 1996. The University of Washington moved basic accounting systems in a single package, backed by the manufacturer in a Solaris / Unix environment and away from locally developed package (s) in IBM / VM. The plans are to go further at that time (if not all) business systems into a single vendor and a single database platform (Oracle for the normalization of the two.) A very large Solaris state of the art system with the intention of co-location of these other Oracle services purchased on the same system with the OGF. Architecture of the safety net was intended to isolate administrative networks involved, the fire of these networks with protocol filters and masonry active surveillance. The systems were purchased and used to implement the security architecture. Much has changed in the interim. While the FAQ now includes more services beyond 1996-Suite plans to move all business systems failed. In particular, we need People Soft / HRMS (Human Resources Management System) payroll (used in the fourth quarter of 1998) with People Soft / SIS (Student Information Services) to follow a few years for Oracle to these key components to provide to our business. We have also found, although it is useful to Oracle as the database when other applications are necessary to clarify, it is not reasonable to expect that the same versions of the Oracle database and be certified / or the underlying operating system. Technology is changing rapidly: the state of the art system is out of date Solaris. The networks have been restructured to isolate administrative systems in the “Red Room” and administrative users throughout the campus. However, never the firewall active administrative and Traffic Monitor implemented – was recently dismantled. Definition: Despite the massive media coverage of client / server computing, there is much confusion surrounding the definition of client / server is. Client and server software and hardware units do not. In its most basic form includes client / server software company (client), a specific request meets another software company (server). Figure 1 shows the client / server exchange. The client process sends a request to the server. The server interprets the message and then tries to complete the application. To meet the requirement that the server can refer to a source of knowledge (database), process data (calculations), the control of a peripheral or an additional request for another server. In both architecture, a client can make requests of multiple servers and server can service multiple clients. Figure 1 – Client / server transactions It is important to understand that the relationship between the client and the server a command / control relationship. In each exchange, the client initiates the request and the server responds accordingly. A server can not initiate a dialogue with customers. Because the client and server software companies can be found in any appropriate hardware. A client process, for example, could reside on a network server hardware and application data from a server process running on a different server hardware or even a PC. In another scenario, the client and server processes in the same physical hardware box on the screen. In fact, in the prototype stage, a developer can choose the presentation as both a client and database server on the same PC hardware. The server can only later migrated (distributed) to a broader set of new pre-production tests after most of the logic of the application and development of the data structure is complete. Although the client and server can reside on the same machine, this paper is used primarily to create distributed application architectures, ie when the client and the server on separate physical devices. According to Beaver (et al.), A distributed application consists of different sections leading to different nodes of the network and work together towards a common goal. The infrastructure should include the inherent complexity of distributed processing that make them invisible to the end user. The client in client / server does not have to come to this sport has a graphical user interface (GUI), but the mass marketing of client / server through, largely due to the proliferation of customer interface Graphical user. Some client / server supports very specific functions, such as print queues (ie queues network), or filing services (eg, X-Window). While these are special-purpose implementations importance in this work is mainly based on distributed client / server architectures that demand flexibility, functionality involved in Chapter 3 Importance of client-server: - Business sense of client-server: - Client-server is generally considered the next step in the operational efficiency of operational information systems. This is shown in Figure 1 shows the earnings shown in a series of innovations. Computer companies began in the 1960s with the batch. The main innovation of the 1970s was brought on-line transaction processing (OLTP), information technology (IT) on the desktop and made an integral part of business. Batch and OLTP in combination remains the core of most companies in information systems. Then in the 1980s, personal computers, which had made affordable and widely distributed throughout the company. Now, in the 1990s, client / server is generally perceived, by the way of integrating the different parts of the computer systems will be put back together. That is their role and importance. Figure 1 Perceived impact on the business of client-server In these circumstances, client-server (or client / server) to a popular brand that is used for almost any type of product, and all types of business and technical expertise and marketing messages. This tends to drain any specific meaning, but actually confirms its almost universal applicability. Technical meaning of client-server: - A useful starting point for understanding the client-server is the informal definition used by the Gartner Group: ”Client-Server is a division of application tasks running on separate computers, one of which is a programmable workstation (eg a PC).” This definition is that client-server via distributed computing and software architecture (applications in tasks that can be on separate computers, is divided). Remember what is important is that the PC client-server to integrate on their way in all types of IT systems. Three generations of messaging: host-based architecture (no client / server): With mainframe software architectures all intelligence within the central host computer. Users with the host through a terminal, which record keystrokes and sends this information to interact with the host. Mainframe software architectures are not tied to one hardware platform. User interaction may be using PCs and UNIX workstations. A limitation of mainframe software architectures do not easily grow support graphical user interfaces or access to multiple databases from geographically dispersed locations. In recent years, mainframes have found a new use as servers in distributed client / server architectures Lan file sharing architecture (not a client / server): - The original PC networks in the file-sharing architectures, the place where the server downloads files from the shared location of the desktop environment. The user requested job is run (including logic and data) in the desktop environment. File Sharing shared architectures work if the use is low, the update statement is low, and the volume of data to be transmitted is low. In 1990, PC Computing LAN (local area network) changed because the capacity was accused of file sharing as the number of online user grew (it can only about 12 users simultaneously) and graphical user interfaces (GUI) became popular (which mainframe and display ads appear out of date). PCs are now used in the client / server architectures Internet Client-Server Architecture: - The goal of this class is to provide a base of prior knowledge that the rest of the course is based on build. In many areas of technology, one gets the impression that technology, as has always existed in its present form. But of course, technology has a history as any other natural or unnatural phenomenon. Therefore, it is on the Internet and World Wide Web. In this debate that first look that has taken some of the important events that put in the last thirty years that the Internet what it is today, have done. After reviewing this chronology, which are two of the underlying technology to support Internet searching. The first is Ethernet, using the original Local Area Network (LAN) technology and remains one of the most common communications systems for computers that connect to hundreds of meters of each other. The second is TCP / IP, the standard computer software that can communicate worldwide direct messages to another location and reliable. After the discussion on the Internet, we then turn our attention to the World Wide Web, itself. The discussion begins with a fundamental review of its client / server architecture in which a client program running on one computer communicates with a server running the program on another requesting specific information or service is running. The Web uses a client / server architecture, the request in a web browser (client) communicates with other web servers to pages with information or a program that will run on the server of the Common Gateway Interface (CGI). As the Internet / WWW a general data processing and communications infrastructure, this strict client server relationship will be strengthened. Such additions include Java. More on the latest developments in the latter stages, but now we will concentrate on classic design clients Web server. speak the language, Web clients and servers together is called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). You do not have to learn to HTTP in detail, but you have to build the base HTTP messages in order to do CGI programming and you must understand its philosophy and its basic form and skills. Chapter 4 Process: - Customer Process: - The client is a process (program), send a message to a server process (program) requires that the server has a job to do (). Client programs usually manage the user interface of the application, validate data entered by the user, sending requests to server programs, and sometimes can create business logic. The client-based The process is the front-end application that the user sees and interacts with. The client process contains the logic of specific solutions and provides the interface between the user and the rest of the application system. The client process administered by local resources that the user interacts as the monitor, keyboard, CPU and peripherals workstation. One of the key elements of a client workstation is the graphical user interface (GUI). Typically, a portion of the operating system ie the window manager detects user actions, manages the windows on the screen and displays the data in the windows. server process: - A server process (program) fulfills the client request by performing the task requested. Server programs generally receive requests from client programs, the recovery of lead and database updates, integrity management data and send responses to client requests. Sometimes server programs execute common or complex business logic. The server-based process “may” run on another computer on the network. The server can be the host operating system or network file server, the server then both file system services and application services provided. Or in some cases a more desktop application services. The server process acts as a software engine that manages shared resources such as databases, printers, communication links and high-performance processors. The server process executes the back-end tasks, common applications, similarly. client-server computing: - • A single client, server • Multiple client single server The client / server architecture, the client includes a mathematical process the service request process server client / server is the logical extension of modular programming. modular programming is the basic assumption that the separation of a large piece of software components (“modules”) creates the possibility for easier development and better maintenance. Client / server goes a step further, being by recognizing that these modules need not all working in the same area of memory. With this architecture, the module called “clients” (ie, requests for a service), and the “Server” (which provides the service). The logical extension of this is to have clients and servers on the hardware and software platforms for their work. For example, servers running database management system are specifically designed and configured, queries, or file server platforms that run on platforms with special elements for managing files. Network Computing Architecture: - Oracle Network Computing Architecture (NCA) can be captured by three terms: 1st The World Wide Web is a ubiquitous service. 2nd Java Virtual Machine is (or soon) a truly ubiquitous service in the embedded web browser. 3rd A three-stage model for delivering applications to a database engine Oracle (in a large UNIX server), a lightweight Java application on the client and middle-level “forms” of the server at the door liaison between the two provide. Oracle began shipping Release 10. 7 NCA (web applications being used) in January 1998. . . . 2000 require With version 7 10th NCA, Oracle responded to the needs of users on the difficulty of patches of Smart Client. Although the functionality is the same used from 10 to 10 SC NCA, Oracle again in the Web version, in a granular patching strategy. This strategy also keeps better fit. Since the forms used technology running on the server in the web version, relining and regeneration after applying patches is now easier. Due to differences in the strategy recommends patching Oracle customers are not using the launch customer for 7 NCA intelligent and 10th in the same instance. Oracle does not support that configuration. Customerncharactermode facilities must migrate applied directly to the Web version Chapter 5 client-server technology: - client-server technology is better understood if we discussed in four areas: Personal 1st Platforms 2nd Server platforms 3rd Client-server middleware 4 Client-server tools and services Each of these areas is unique, although there may be overlaps between them. The platform of expression is here to refer to a platform, a complete combination of hardware and software operating system. personal platforms: - personnel platforms are perhaps the most striking of the client-server technology. Is defined as a personal platform: A computer platform that is connected to a network, provides an intuitive user interface and consistent support for a personal user task on behalf of the company. These properties are shown in Figure 2. personnel platforms are relatively inexpensive and very powerful, and there is a wide range of suppliers. Many different types of computers can be personal platforms (eg MS / DOS PC, PC Windows, OS / 2 for PC, UNIX workstations, Apple Macintosh, and various hand tools), but the most common today is an IBM-compatible PC with Microsoft Windows. These platforms are very affordable, where necessary. This has renewed the architecture of computer systems: old focus scarce resources on the host machine, far from their users, the new approach is the variety of personal resources now in the hands of each individual user. This trend has become more and more power to improve, because the PC price / performance by a factor of two every eighteen months or less. This change of focus are the changes in corporate structure: the level of organizational hierarchies, the decision-making authority is transferred, and IT-based processes can now processes that previously provided by office staff available. A combined effect of these business and technical development requirements of the person at the desk. PCs offer a personal productivity and independence, but this individuality, multiplied by a large number of personal computers, even anarchy. Client-Server helps solve these problems. The client, the use of common resources (in the server platforms designed), not only personal resources, client-server structure allows all software and hardware resources can be under control and architecture. He transformed the personal computer in the computation between personal computing and enterprise-wide. These features help to create order, group cohesion, productivity and flexibility of business processes. Although personal platforms are the main economic and technical engine behind the move to client / server, they are identified only the first of five technical ingredients at the beginning of Section 2. Server platforms: - It is defined as a server platform: A computer software platform that provides IT services for use in other parts of the system. Ultimately, the services for your personal use on platforms and services for the use of other server platforms are made available. A server platform can rely on terminal services, which can not be classified as a personal platform. Almost all types of computer platform can act as server platforms. Therefore, there are many different providers and many possible types of server platforms, PCs supercomputers. Each is good for certain types of workloads for different quality requirements, and in different areas of price and performance. Users can choose different companies for different platforms adaptation needs. This breadth of choice is shown in Figure 3, so that the user can on a personal platform have access to services in many server platforms sample shown. This also shows the shift of focus to each user on a personal platform, you can now select IT services from many different sources in other parts of the network. The polarization of the systems in client server platforms and detect differences between personal and shared resources. Any personal platform is an independent resource persons which could be mobile and will be exposed to risk of loss or damage. By contrast, a server platform, a secure, stable and managed environment for shared resources. Figure 3, many server platforms to choose Even there, where it is the same technology for both client and server platforms (eg PC with the same type of hardware and operating system used), if such distinctions between personal and collective resources be made. In the limit, the same machine as a personal platform and a server platform (as in a peer-to-peer will see 3 2). As always, brings server role obligations to ensure the availability and integrity of shared resources. Client / Server Middleware: - We define client-server middleware, such as: Software package to support various parts of the software client-server application, allowing them to work together. This is by far the more complex area of client-server technology. The concentration of the complexity here we are in a position that other areas remain relatively simple. It includes many types of functions, each of which may be distributed and even most of which are interconnected. Some of the key areas are: • Network Services • Distributed Application Services • Distributed Management Systems • Distributed security • Distributed Management Objects • User Management Interface • Print management • Data management • Transaction Management • Workflow Management Figure 4 is a symbolic representation of middleware applications that support client-server software. Emphasizes the importance of middleware allows the client-server technology to run the entire circumference of the company relating to user tasks. This may involve interaction across departmental and functional boundaries, and perhaps even across company boundaries. Figure 4 client-server middleware Client-server tools and services for: - Client-server systems can be very complex but well-integrated systems, well-designed user interfaces of the technical complexity should not be visible to the user, is essentially a problem for application developers and service providers. You need the software development tools and professional services to manage and hide this complexity. Many of the tools and services are needed, as always, but there are also specific needs of the client-server systems. An important point is that generally for packaging (“wrapped”) software application, the user company does not need tools to build the program. Consumer Packaged Goods client-server application are now widely available (eg, Distributed Office and groupware applications, business applications, accounting, human resources and payroll applications). Another important trend is that various tools (and languages) are for different parts of modular application systems are needed. The main differences are: • User Interface: Languages and tools for creating graphical user interfaces, and all application logic are closely associated with them, for example, GUI tools and Visual Basic. • Database: Languages and tools for the construction of databases, file systems and object stores, and building the application logic are closely associated with them, for example, data manipulation languages, relational database 4GLs data systems. • Business logic: languages and tools for building application logic that logically independent of user interfaces and databases, such as COBOL. • Distributed processing: Languages and tools for distributed processing is specialized, and the cross-section through all the above functional areas (and other technological and organizational boundaries), for example, Remote Procedure Call (RPC) to tools. • System management: methods and tools for electronic software distribution, operation and optimization of client-server systems. Most of these tools are connected to the appropriate areas of middleware. Chapter 6 client-server architecture: - is described in the review of technology in the previous section, three types of client-server architecture seen. Client-Server base: - The basic architecture of client-server application or central staff in two parts: a client’s personal platform is divided, and part of the server in a server platform. The latter is usually a common resource, such as a filing service, printing service, database, or application-specific function. The terms client and server are used, refer to the hardware platforms and software application components (often unclear). Basic client-server architecture is shown in Figure 9 (and shown in more detail in Figure 6). Figure 9 basic client-server architecture Basic client-server configurations are usually a local area network (LAN) organized. The set is usually described as a LAN PC and consists of many computers for personal use (personal platforms), plus one or more shared computer (server platforms). The local server platforms in these PC-LAN in general, portals and external corporate networks and servers from them. This is shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 shows a typical PC LAN 2 2

Client-server computer buzzwords Industries newest and hottest

Chapter-1 Introduction: – Client / Server Computer Industries is one of the newest and original slogans. There is no general definition of client / server, such as for screening the number of nature, development and anticipateologies. But the general idea that clients and servers are logical units together to work on a health care network in a task. Client-server is very fashionable. As such, it may be just a fad, but it is generally accepted that there is something fundamental and far-reaching, for example, the Gartner Group, the leading industry analysts are ahead in this field that have ”In 1995, client-server is a synonym for the calculation.” Success stories over the initial client / server with small applications that provide direct or indirect access to transactional data in legacy systems. Companies need access to these data to provide decision-makers, the relative immaturity of the client / server tools and technologies that make the change of use of wide area networks and lack of client / server expertise of these attractive yet low risk of pilot enterprises. As companies move into the learning curve for small projects on mission-critical applications, there is a corresponding increase in expectations of performance, availability and requirements need to be flexible and scalable. In this difficult situation, the selection and implementation of an appropriate architecture is crucial. In fact, one of the key issues that have plagued the professional at the beginning of each project client / server – What type of architecture is best suited for this project – Two Three animal or animals? “. It is interesting that 17% of all business-critical client / server are three layers, and the trend is increasing, according to Standish Group International, Inc., a market research firm. Architecture affects all aspects of software design and technology. The architect believes that the complexity of the application, the degree of integration and the necessary interfaces, the number of users, their geographical distribution, the nature of networks and enterprise-wide application needs before deciding on the type of architecture . An architectural design inappropriate or improper implementation could lead to horrendous response times. The choice of architecture also affects the development time and flexibility, and future maintenance of the application. The current literature does not adequately take into account all these aspects of client / server architecture. This document defines the basic concepts of client / server architecture, describes the two levels and three levels architectures and analyze their respective advantages and limitations. Differences in development efforts, flexibility and ease of reuse also OK compared to others in supporting the selection of the proper architecture for a particular project. Chapter-2 History and Definition of terms: – History The University of Waterloo implemented Oracle Government Financials (OGF) in May 1996. The accounts of the basic systems of UW moved to a vendor supported package in an environment of Solaris / Unix and away from local development package (s) on IBM / VM. The plans were to move more (if not all) business systems) to a single supplier and a single database platform (Oracle standardization for both. A big state of the art system was purchased with the Solaris intention to co-location of these other Oracle services rendered in the same system with the OGF. The network security architecture that provides the participating networks to isolate management, fire walls of these networks with protocol filters and active surveillance and information system. System has been purchased and used to implement the security architecture. Much has changed in the interim. While the FAQ is far more services than the plans of the suite 1996 for all business systems to move, has failed. In particular we need the soft Pop / HRMS (Human Resources Management System) to the roster (in the fourth quarter of 1998 in use) with People Soft / SIS (Student Information Services), a couple of years to pursue Oracle could deliver these components key to our business. We also discovered, while it is reasonable to Oracle as the database is required if you specify other applications, reasonably be expected to be certified with the same versions of the Oracle database and / or the underlying operating system. Technological changes in the shortest time possible: the state of the art system Solaris is outdated. Networks have been restructured to isolate administrative systems in the “Red Room” and administrative users across campus. However, the firewall and asset managers Traffic Monitor was never implemented – has recently been dismantled. Definition: Despite the massive media coverage of client / server computing, there is much confusion about the definition, which is a client / server actually. Client and server software or hardware units. In its basic form, client / server software unit (client) includes a specific request made, to be met by another software company (server). Figure 1 shows the client and Exchange server. The client process sends a request to the server. The server interprets the message and then tries to fulfill the request. To satisfy the request, the server to have a source of knowledge (database) related to data processing to perform (estimates), control a peripheral or make an additional request to another server. In the architecture of many, a customer orders from multiple servers and can cause a server can service multiple clients. Figure 1 – Client / server transactions It is important to understand that the relationship between the client and the server in a command / control relationship. In each exchange, the client initiates the request and the server responds accordingly. A server can not start a dialogue with the client. From the client and server are software units that can be found in all the right hardware. A client process, for example, could reside on a network server hardware and application data from a server process running on a server to different hardware or even on a PC. In another scenario, the client and server processes in the same physical hardware box can be displayed. In fact, in the prototype stage, a developer can choose to display both the client and database server on the same PC have hardware. The server can be migrated later (distributed) to a larger system over a pre-production testing after most of the logic of the application and development of the whole data structure. Although the client and server are on the same machine, this paper is mainly used to create distributed application architectures involved i. e. where the client and server on different physical devices. According to Beaver (et al.), A distributed application consists of separate parts, leading to the different nodes of the network and work together towards a common goal. The infrastructure must include the inherent complexity of distributed processing make it invisible to the consumer. The client in client / server architecture, it sports a graphical user interface (GUI), but the mass marketing of client / server has been produced largely by the proliferation of GUI clients. Some client / server systems to support very specific functions such as print queue (for example, network print queues) or presentation of services (for example, the X Window System). While these are special implementations of importance, this paper refers mainly to the distributed client / server architectures, flexible functionality Chapter-3 Importance of Client-Server: – Business sense of client-server: – Client-server is generally regarded as the next step forward in operational efficiency of business information systems. This is shown in Figure 1, the cumulative gain a number of innovations shows presented. Business informatics began in the 1960s with the batch processing. The main innovation in the 1970s has been the online transaction processing (OLTP) that the information technology (IT) on the desktop, and an integral part of business. Batch processing and OLTP in combination remain the focus of most of the information the company will have. Then in the 1980s, personal computing, generally affordable, manufactured and distributed throughout the company. Now, in the 1990s, client / server is generally regarded as the path of integration of different parts of the IT systems together again. That’s his role and importance. Figure 1 perceived impact of commercial client-server In these circumstances, client-server (or client / server) has become a popular brand that apply to almost any type of product, and all types of business and technical knowledge and marketing messages. This tends to empty it of particular importance, whereas in fact confirmed its almost universal application. Technical sense of client-server: – A good starting point for understanding the client-server is used, the informal definition of the Gartner Group: ”Client-server is the division of an application to the tasks running on separate computers, when one of which is a programmable workstation (for example) of a PC.” This definition states that the client-server distributed computer architecture and software (programs are divided into tasks that can be on separate computers). It coincides with the crucial point is that the client-server is how to integrate computers into all sorts of information. Three generations of messaging: The host-based architecture (not a client / server) architecture: With the software for all computer architectures central intelligence within the central host computer. Users interact with the host through a terminal that captures keystrokes and sends this information to the host. Mainframe software architectures are not tied to a hardware platform. The user can interact with the PC and UNIX workstations. A limitation of mainframe software architectures is that they simply do not support graphical user interfaces or access to multiple databases from geographically dispersed locations. In recent years, mainframes have found a new use in servers distributed client / server architectures Lan file sharing architecture (not a client / server): – The original PC networks were based on file sharing architectures in the server files load the shared location to the desktop environment. The requested user job and then run (as the logic and data) in the desktop environment. File sharing is working architectures, if sharing is low, low discount the claim, and the volume of data transferred is low. Modified in the 1990s, the PC-PC-LAN (Local Area Network), because the capacity of file sharing was strained as the number of online users grew (it can meet only about 12 concurrent users) and Graphical user interfaces (GUI) became popular (to the mainframe and terminal screen displays the date). PC now will be used in client / server architectures Internet client-server architecture: – The objective of this class is to build a basis of knowledge underlying the rest of the course. In many areas of technology, one gets the impression that technology has always existed in its present form. But of course, technology has a history as any other natural or unnatural appearance. It is therefore incumbent on the Internet and World Wide Web. At that meeting, first look for some major events that have taken in the last thirty years, the Internet, which made today. After reviewing this chronology, we see two of the underlying technologies that support the Internet. The first is Ethernet, the original local area network (LAN) technology and remains one of the most used communication to computers that connect to a few hundred yards of each connection. The second is the TCP / IP, the standard software allows computers around the world to communicate messages to each location and safely. After the discussion on the Internet, we then turn our attention to the World Wide Web itself. The discussion begins with a review of its base of client-server that communicates in a client program on a computer running a server program in another, with some specific information or to request a service is running. The Web uses a client / server architecture where a web browser (client) communicates with different web application web server information, or a program run by the server Common Gateway Interface (CGI). As the Internet / WWW is a general computing and communications infrastructure, this strict relationship between the client server has been extended. Such additions include Java. More information on the latest developments in the latter stages, but now we concentrate on the classic web client / server design. The language that Web clients and servers talk to each other is called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). You do not need to learn about HTTP in detail, but we must build the basic messages of HTTP to do CGI programming, and you must understand the underlying philosophy and its basic form and abilities. Chapter-4 Process: – Customer Process: – The client is a process (program) that sends a message to a server process) (Program and demanded that the server perform a task (service). Client programs usually manage the user interface of the application, validate data entered by the user, sending requests to server programs, and sometimes business logic accordingly. The client-based The process is the front end of the application that the user sees and interacts with. The client process contains solution-specific logic and provides the interface between the user and the rest of the application system. The client process also manages the local resources that the user interacts with, such as a monitor, keyboard, workstation CPU and peripherals. One of the key elements of a client workstation is the graphical user interface (GUI). Typically, a portion of the operating system ie the window manager detects user actions, manages the windows on the screen and displays data in the windows. Process server – A server process (program) fulfills the requirement of the customer by the execution of the task requires. The server programs generally receive requests from client programs that perform data base searches and manage updates, data integrity and dispatch responses to client requests. Sometimes server programs execute common or complex business logic. The server process “may” be executed on another computer on the network. This server can be the host operating system or network file server, the server then both file system services and application services. Or in some cases provides the services of a computer desktop application. The server acts as a software engine to process resources such as databases, printers, communication links, or co-managed high-power transformers. The server process runs a copy of the final tasks that are similar applications together. Client-Server Computing – • single client, server • Several customers, a single server / Client / server architecture that includes a client computing processes requesting service from server processes client / server, the logical extension of modular programming. Modular programming has as its fundamental premise that the separation creates a great piece of software into its component parts ( “modules”), the possibility of easier development and better maintenance. Client / server goes a step further to realize that these modules need not all in the same area of memory to run. With this architecture, the module called “clients” (ie) requests a service, and the module is called the “server” (which is) offering this service. The corollary of this is that clients and servers that have the appropriate hardware and software platforms for their functions. For example, a special configuration of server management system database on the platforms that run queries, or file servers running on platforms with special elements for managing files. Network Computing Architecture: – Oracle Network Computing Architecture (NCA) can be captured by three terms: 1. The World Wide Web is a truly service everywhere. 2. Java Virtual Machine (or before) a truly ubiquitous service in the embedded web browser. 3. A three-level model for deploying applications to a database engine Oracle (in a large UNIX server), a lightweight Java applications on the client and the middle segment “Forms” on the servers, the gateway between the two. Oracle began shipping Release 10. 7 NCA (web applications used) in January 1998. . . . 2000 set For the release of 10 7 NCA, Oracle responded to customer feedback about the difficulties of the patches in the smart client. Although the functionality is the same between 10 and SC 10 NCA, Oracle returns used in the Web version, a strategy of granular patches. This strategy is also better preserved settings. Since the forms of technology used to run the server in the Web version, relining and regeneration after the performance is now easier. Due to differences in strategy patch, Oracle recommends that customers not use SmartClient and Release 10th 7 ANC in the same instance. Oracle does not support that configuration. Customerncharactermode plants should go directly to the web application version of Chapter-5 Client-Server Technology: – Client-server technology is better understood if we discuss it in four areas: 1. Personnel Platforms 2. Server Platforms 3. Client-server middleware 4. Client-server tools and services Each of these areas is unique, but may overlap among them. The term platform is used here to on a computer platform, covering comprehensive a combination of hardware and operating system software. Personnel platforms: – Personnel platforms are perhaps the most striking aspect of the client-server technology. We define a personal platform: A computer platform that is connected to a network that provides a consistent user interface, intuitive and user support with a personal, in order to perform tasks on behalf of the company. These properties are shown in Figure 2. Personnel platforms are relatively inexpensive and very powerful, and there are a wide variety of suppliers. Many different types of personal computer platforms (eg MS / DOS PC, Windows PC, OS / 2 PCs, UNIX workstations, Apple Macintosh, and the hand of several portable) devices, but the most common case is now supports IBM PC running Microsoft Windows. These platforms are now widely available where needed. This has the architecture of computer systems inside outwards: The old approach was the lack of resources in the central computer, away from their users, the new approach is the variety of personal resources is at the tip of the fingers of each user. This trend has become more and more force, because the PC price / performance by a factor of two every eighteen months or even better. This change in approach in response to changes in the organizational structure becomes flatter organizational hierarchies, decision-making authority is transferred and IT-based processes can now offer processes that were previously provided by the office staff . A combined effect of these business and technical development is the individual’s personal power on the desktop. PCs offer personal productivity and independence, but this individuality, multiplied by a large number of computers can also be anarchy. Client Server solves these problems. The customer is always using shared resources (server platforms) is not only human resources, client-server structure allows, all software and hardware resources are under the control and management architecture. Personal computing has changed in other things, personal computing and business use. These features help to create order, group cohesion, productivity and flexibility of business processes. Although personnel platforms are the main technical and economic force driving the transition to client-server, who only identified the first of five technical ingredients at the beginning of Section 2. Server Platforms – It is defined as a server platform: A computer platform that the software provides IT services for use in other parts of the system. Ultimately, the services are designed for use on personal platforms, but services are also available for use in server platforms available. A server platform can depend on to provide services through terminals that do not qualify as a personal platform. Almost all types of computing platforms and server platforms. Therefore, there are many different suppliers, and many types of server platforms, from supercomputers to PCs. Each is good for certain types of workloads, for different quality requirements and in different areas of price and performance range. Users can select different companies platforms to meet different needs. This breadth of choice is shown in Figure 3, showing the user a platform for personal access to services in many server platforms. This also shows the change in the approach to each user on a personal platform, which now can choose to IT services from many different sources in other parts of the computer network. The polarization of the systems on both the client and server platforms to detect differences between personal and collective resources. Any personal platform independent is a personal resource that can become mobile and exposed to the risk of accidental loss or damage. In contrast, a server platform with a secure, stable and well managed environment for shared resources. Figure 3, the server platforms of many to choose Even if the same technology for both client and server platforms (eg PC with the same type of hardware and operating system) is used, the differences between personal and collective resources be made. In the limit of the machine itself can be both a personal platform and a server platform (eg, in a peer-to-peer, see 3. 2). As always, the server role brings obligations to ensure the availability and integrity of shared resources. Client-server middleware: – We define client-server middleware as: Software packages to support various parts of the software and client-server application that can work together. This is by far the most complex area of client-server technology. By concentrating the complexity here, we are able to maintain the other areas with relative ease. It contains many types of functions, each of which will be distributed to themselves, and most of them are interconnected. Some of the key areas are: • Network Services • Distributed Application Services • Management of Distributed Systems • Distributed security • Distributed Object Management • User Interface Management • Print Management • Data management • Transaction Management • Workflow Management Figure 4 is a symbolic representation of this middleware support for applications, client-server software. He stressed the importance of middleware enable client-server technology to work with the whole of the relevant tasks of the user. This can interact across departmental and functional boundaries are involved and perhaps even beyond corporate boundaries. Figure 4 client-server middleware Client-server tools and services to: – The client-server systems can be very complex but well-integrated systems, well-designed user interfaces to the technical complexity should not be visible to the user, is essentially a problem for application developers and service providers. You need software development tools and professional services to help manage this complexity and to hide. Many of the tools and services needed, as always, but there are also specific requirements on client-server systems. An important point is that, in general, for packaging ( “wrapped”) software application, the user company does not need tools for building the program. Packaging products client-server applications are now widely available (eg, office workgroup and distributed applications, business applications, accounting, human resources and payroll applications). Another important trend is that you need different tools (and languages) for different parts of the modular implementation of systems. The main differences are: • User Interface: Languages and tools for creating graphical user interfaces and application logic are closely related to them, for example, tools GUI and Visual Basic. • Database: Languages and tools for creating databases, file systems and object stores, and building the application logic are closely associated with them, for example, data manipulation languages, databases relational databases and 4GL. • The business logic: languages and tools for building the application logic that logically independent of user interfaces and databases, such as COBOL. • Distributed processing: Languages and tools for distributed processing and specialized) covering all functional areas mentioned above (and other technological and organizational boundaries, such as Remote Procedure Call (RPC) tools. • Management System: Methods and tools for electronic software distribution, and operation and optimization of client-server systems. Most of these tools are connected to the appropriate areas of middleware. Chapter-6 Client-Server Architecture: – Described by an examination of technology in the previous section, there are three types of client-server architecture seen. In client-server basis: – To split the Basic client server architecture, application or central staff is divided into two parts: a client into a personal platform and part of the server in a server platform. The latter is often a shared resource, as a notification service, printing service, a database specific function or application. The terms client and server is used to refer to the hardware platforms and application software components are (often) somewhat ambiguous. Basic client-server architecture is shown in Figure 9 (and already has shown in detail in Figure 6). Figure 9, client-server database architecture Customer base server configurations typically organized by a local area network (LAN). The set is usually described as a PC-LAN and consists of many computers for personal use (personal platforms), plus one or more shared computer (server) platforms. 1. ] 2. 3. ] 4. 5. 6. Organization. 2.